Purpose: IO access provides a rapid, reliable route for delivering fluids, medications, and blood products directly into the bone marrow when intravenous (IV) access is difficult or impossible.
Common Sites in Adults:
Proximal tibia (just below the knee)
Distal tibia (near the ankle)
Proximal humerus (upper arm near the shoulder)
Common Sites in Pediatrics:
Proximal tibia (most common)
Distal femur (just above the knee)
Distal tibia (for smaller children/infants)
Advantages: Rapid access (within seconds), high success rates, and suitable for emergency situations including trauma, cardiac arrest, and shock.
Contraindications: Avoid fractured bones at the access site, infected skin overlying the site, or prior orthopedic procedures in the region.
Equipment & Technique: IO needles (manual or powered devices) are used; proper site selection, aseptic technique, and correct needle insertion depth are critical for successful access and minimizing complications
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